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Physics |
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The total energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred by collisions in chemical and nuclear reactions by light waves and other radiation and in many other ways. However, it can never be destroyed. As these transfers occur, the matter involved becomes steadily less ordered. The overall effect is that energy is spread out uniformly. |
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In some materials, such as metals, electrons flow easily, where as in insulated materials such as glass they can hardly flow at all. Semi conducting materials have intermediate behavior. At low temperature, some materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of electrons. |
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The electric force is a universal force that exists between any two charged objects.
Opposite charges attract while like charges repel. The strength of the force is proportional to the square of the distance between them. |
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Electric and magnetic are two aspects of a single electromagnetic force. Moving electric charges produce magnetic forces, and moving magnets produce electric forces. |
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Electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy when heat,
light, sound, and chemical changes are produced. |
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Electricity in circuits can produce light, heat, sound, and magnetic effects. Electrical circuits require a complete loop through which an electrical current can pass. |
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